نشریه برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری
پیاپی 44 (بهار 1402)

the present study was designed to investigate travelers' perceptions of tourism during the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic and thus the intention to purchase in the future. In fact, this study has tested the relationships between travel constraints, negative bias, attitude, perceived crisis management, and post-crisis behavioral intention in the tourism destination of Yazd. According to the results, the possibility of offering outstanding improvement strategies was provided.
Design/methodology/approach: The statistical population of the study was incoming tourists to Yazd. The sample size was 384 people selected by random sampling method. The face validity of the questionnaire was reviewed and confirmed by forty management and tourism experts. The total reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha induction coefficient of 0.818. The relationship between variables was tested by the Pearson correlation test and the research model was tested using the structural equation modeling technique. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software version 27 and Amos version 24.

The results of research on the intensity of correlations showed that the strongest effect in the model is related to the effect of travel restrictions on negative bias with a coefficient of 0.32 and then related to the effect of perceived crisis management on trust attitude with a coefficient of 0.28.

These results showed that more travel restrictions would cause more negative bias. Therefore, it is better to reduce restrictions in the post-corona era, such as quarantining cities and not entering and leaving by private cars. Adequacy of having a vaccination card and not needing to have a Covid-19 test can reduce the restrictions and thus, reduce the negative bias of people. The findings also showed that the more accurate and better crisis management would cause the better attitude and confidence of tourists.
Originality/value: The innovation of the current research is to investigate the relationships between travel restrictions, negative bias, attitude, perceived crisis management, and behavioral intention after the crisis in the tourism destination of Yazd City as one of the most important heritage tourism destinations in the country in order to reach conclusions based on the results. It is possible to present outstanding strategies for improving the tourism market in the post-corona era in this destination.

Global climate change, which is aggravated by the emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, poses a huge threat to human life, environment, development, and sustainability. As a result, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving environmental conditions are currently global priorities to promote sustainable growth and prevent the adverse consequences of global warming and climate change, and Iran is no exception. Therefore, it is considered important to understand the determining factors and provide solutions to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. According to the stated contents, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of economic growth and tourism, in order to achieve environmental sustainability by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Design/methodology/approach: In this research, using ARDL's non-linear econometric approach, the effects of tourism and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran during the period of 2008-2020 have been evaluated.

According to estimates, an increase of one unit of tourism and economic growth has caused an increase of 0.042 and 0.449 units of carbon dioxide emissions in the short term, respectively, and in the long term it has caused an increase of 0.177 and 0.902 units. While the decrease of one unit of tourism and economic growth in the short term has caused a decrease of 0.016 and 0.714 units of carbon dioxide emissions, respectively, and in the long term it has caused a decrease of 0.067 and 0.025.

Based on the findings of the research, it is suggested to adopt policies such as using alternative fuels and new technologies, especially in transportation services. Originality/value: The current research is innovative in terms of variables used, methodology, and time period under investigation.

The health tourism market has been proposed as one of the most profitable and competitive industries in the world and is one of the new areas of tourism which has contributed to the sustainable development and dynamism of countries' economies and is taking steps towards increasing the income of countries. This field of tourism includes the sub-branches of health tourism, natural healing tourism, and medical tourism. Today, according to the development of tourism and medical science, medical tourism has attracted the attention of many developed and developing countries; Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the indicators that influence the attraction of medical tourism in Iran.Design/methodology/approach: In this article, with an analytical-descriptive approach and using the panel data method and Eviews 12 software to analyze data, it has been tried to present a research model of cross-sectional data related to 15 selected countries of the Asian region (Armenia, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Oman, Qatar, Kazakhstan, Georgia) which have had medical tourism relations with Iran during the period of 1378-1400.

The results of the present research show that the variables of income with the most influence and then the exchange rate coefficient of the destination country, political security, health costs of the country of origin and destination, the exchange rate of the country of origin, the ability of personnel and the inflation index of the destination country, respectively, are among the influencing factors. Among them, the indicators of income, political security, health cost of the country of origin, exchange rate of the country of origin, and the ability of personnel have a positive effect. Additionally, the destination country's exchange rate, destination country's health cost, and destination country's inflation have a negative effect on attracting medical tourism.Originality/value: Most of the studies conducted in health tourism, of which medical tourism is a part, have been examined in a general way and medical tourism has been studied less, in addition, the studies conducted in this field are in the form of a survey and the information related to medical tourism is collected using a questionnaire. Therefore, it lacked modeling in the present study.

The aim of this study was to analyze the content of elementary school textbooks based on the attention to the environmental components of tourism. Design/methodology/approach: Quantitative research design and the method used is descriptive content analysis. The statistical population included all primary school textbooks in the academic year 2014-2016 and the statistical sample includes Persian (readable), Persian (written), experimental sciences, heavenly gifts, social studies, technology, thinking, and research. To collect data, a researcher-made checklist and environmental tourism indicators were used.

The finding showed that the highest importance coefficient was related to science books (0.402), social studies (0.318), Persian (0.138), mathematics (0.083), and heavenly gifts (0.056). Also, the environmental components of tourism have not been paid attention to in the books of thinking and research, and technology. The finding of the analysis showed that the problems of wastes with a frequency of 46 are in the first place, the problems of air quality with a frequency of 29 are in the second place, and the problems of wildlife with a frequency of 28 are in the third place.

Textbooks should emphasize the necessary training for environmental tourism education and its components; however, some textbooks have not paid much attention to some environmental components of tourism.Originality/value: Introducing the concepts and components of environmental education and tourism in the content of the curriculum of the educational levels makes the students informed from the beginning; at the same time, it develops their personality to consider protection environment of tourism not only as a lesson but also as a duty and human responsibility.

The current research aims to identify and prioritize the effective criteria of experience-based tourism in creative cultural attractions.Design/methodology/approach: The current research is a mixed one. The statistical population was formed by experts knowledgeable about the study area and the research subject. The qualitative inductive content analysis method with semi-structured interviews with experts was used to identify experience-based tourism criteria for creative cultural attractions. After that, to prioritize and determine the importance of the identified criteria, the structural equation modeling technique was implemented. The identified criteria were provided to 20 experts and were scored in the form of a matrix using the Delphi method.

The findings identified 17 effective criteria of experience-based tourism in creative cultural attractions. Based on the research findings, the study's criteria are placed in four positions regarding effectiveness: determinant, relay, goal, and result.

In this regard, the criteria of furniture and physical design, access, motivation, expectations, hospitality, image, and individual characteristics are the most influential criteria of experience-based tourism in Tehran's creative cultural attractions. The mentioned results help to develop creative cultural attractions. These results can be operationalized by setting up a registration system for creative cultural attractions. Furthermore, these attractions can be ranked by awarding creative certificates to outstanding ones and providing the ground for their progress and development.Originality/value: The current research helps to develop the concept of experience-based tourism and creative cultural attractions. Additionally, the results provide the basis for the operational development of creative cultural attractions.

Context and In recent years, information technology has had a tremendous impact on all sectors of the tourism industry and has provided the basis for transformation, acceleration, and facilitation of affairs by creating an integrated platform. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a model of the impact of mass media on the development of the tourism industry.Design/methodology/approach: This research is a kind of developmental, quantitative, and correlational study of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study consisted of managers and senior tourism experts in Mazandaran. 210 samples were randomly selected from them. The correlation function with a path coefficient of 0.69, the continuity function with a path coefficient of 0.61, the entertainment function with a path coefficient of 0.59, and finally, the information function with a path coefficient of 0.56, respectively, have the greatest impact on industry development. Therefore, it can be said that the media can change the attitude of tourists towards the tourist destination, and positive or negative advertisements in the media can affect the number of incoming tourists in countries.Originality/value: The evidence and findings obtained from this research indicate that new horizons have been opened in relation to this topic, in such a way that it has helped to expand the boundaries of knowledge, solved existing problems, and will lay the groundwork for future researches.

Nowadays, policymakers take advantage of various tools and strategies for sustainable development, one of which is the development of shopping tourism. Paying attention to strategic planning for empowerment and capacity building is vital when tourism development in various and inclusive forms is proposed. Accordingly, this study was conducted to provide a framework for the development of inclusive shopping tourism.Design/methodology/approach: This was a qualitative study, an applied one in terms of purpose, and a descriptive-analytical one in terms of nature and method. The study population consisted of three groups (tourists and pilgrims, experts and businesses, and managers and experts from executive organizations in Qom province). The sample was selected by purposeful sampling, and exploratory interviews with 26 people from the first group, 14 people from the second group, and 14 people from the third group continued until theoretical saturation was achieved.

In this study, the six-step thematic analysis procedure proposed by Braun and Clarke was used to code and analyze the findings. In this way, 143 propositions and concepts were labeled in the form of 16 basic themes, 4 organizing themes, and 2 global themes.

According to the results, there should be a kind of re-creation and multiple synergies between the factors and their main actors, i.e., developmental measures and stimulating requirements, to develop inclusive shopping tourism. In the meantime, the formation and re-creation of this type of synergy require the identification and explanation of the main actors of this field as an inclusive ecosystem, which in this study are referred to as content-structural factors and institutional-executive factors. According to their performance and executive mechanisms, these actors will significantly contribute to the development of sustainable inclusive shopping tourism.Originality/value: This research, by using various research tools and by identifying the main players and also explaining the nature of the shopping tourism environment, seeks to create a framework for the inclusive development of this field.

Tourism, as one of the main sectors of the global economy, is highly sensitive to climate and related changes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Spatiotemporal Variation of Tourism Climate Index (TCI) on the southern coasts of Iran.Design/methodology/approach: Therefore, the climatic parameters of the TCI index for 14 synoptic stations located in the coastal strip during a period of 25 years (1995-2014) were received from the Iran Meteorological Organization. After that, TCI values were calculated monthly for each of the stations to determine the suitable tourism areas in different months of the year. In the following, the trends of climatic parameters of temperature and precipitation as well as the TCI index in three important tourist destinations were investigated using Mann-Kendall non-parametric tests and the Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA) method in order to evaluate the temporal behavior of TCI.

The results showed that the most suitable times for tourism on the coasts of the Oman Sea are November, December, and March, and December and January on the coasts of the Persian Gulf. December has the most favorable tourist climate conditions and all the stations located on the coastal strip at this time are in the excellent category. The results of the trend test also indicate that TCI behavior is affected by increasing temperature changes and decreasing precipitation in the studied area; Based on ITA method, TCI in Bushehr has an increasing trend during the 4 months of January, February, March, and December in the good, very good, excellent, and ideal classes. This condition is observed in Kish only in January. In Chabahar, the TCI trend slope in December in the category of good, very good, and excellent is positive and the ideal category is decreasing.

In general, it can be said that during the period of 1995-2019, according to the spatial pattern of TCI, from late autumn to mid-winter in the coastal strip of southern Iran, tourism conditions are favorable and TCI is in excellent to very good conditions.Originality/value: In this study, for the first time, the ITA method was used to evaluate the tourism climate conditions in important southern coastal tourism destinations, and based on this method, the TCI changes in the studied stations are evaluated over a long period of time and according to the TCI classes.